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THE PSYCHOPHYSICAL SCIENCE OF YOGA

By Amit Ray

 

ITEMS DISCUSSED BELOW

DEFINITION OF YOGA

ASHTANGA YOGA

DEFINITION OF MEDITATION

HATHA YOGA

BODY & MIND

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN YOGIC POSTURES AND PHYSICAL EXERCISES

YOGA & STRESS

YOGA & HARMONY

COMMENTS

 

During my 30 years of living abroad, away from India , in different countries in the world, it has been quite interesting for me to see how our age old YOGA system has been unfolding in the western world.

Is it only a physical exercise that the western people can identify with or is there something more in the Yoga system that can also help us in dealing with the stress and undesirable emotions in our daily lives?

Allow me to make this bold attempt to write a few lines about Yoga.

In Indian Philosophy, Yoga covers a wide range of knowledge. For our purpose here, we will limit ourselves to that part of yoga that deals with meditation, yogic postures and breathing exercises.

YOGA PHILOSOPHY deals with the psychophysical aspect of our lives. It is a psychophysical science, as depicted by the Vedic philosophers thousands of years ago. It is a science to bring about wisdom, a sense of right proportions, patience, self-restraint, and calmness.  

 

That the autonomic system could be controlled through the slender connection with the nervous system was a great discovery of the Yoga System and it still retains its title to the sole possession of the technique to bring that about. (Ref: The nervous system by Lickley).

 

Yoga is a methodical effort to attain perfection through the control of different elements of human nature – both physical and psychical or mental.  

 

 

DEFINITION OF YOGA

In our literatures, yoga is defined as follows:

 

1. Any discipline or method that UNITES one with the Ultimate Reality is called YOGA.

 

2. According to SANKHYA PHILOSOPHY, one of the six systems of Indian Philosophy, YOGA is SEPARATION or disunion (viyoga) of spirit from matter. This yoga is different from the Upanisadic yoga.

 

3. According to PATANJALI's YOGA SUTRA, Yoga is the cessation of the activities of the mind.

 

There are three kinds of yoga in Indian philosophy:

1. Karma Yoga  - Yoga of action

2. Bhakti Yoga - Yoga of devotion ( the intensive phase of Bhakti Yoga is called Dhyana Yoga)

3. Jnana Yoga - Yoga of knowledge.

 

 

In the UPANISADS

It is union with the Ultimate Reality. 

In Patanjali's Yoga, it is insight into truth. 

In Buddhism it is the attainment of the Bodhisattva condition.

 

The UPANISADS, written 3000 years ago, describe

YOGA METHOD in MAITRI UPANISAD as follows:

 

This is the rule for achieving this oneness,

  1. REGULATION OF BREATH (Pranayama)

  2. WITHDRAWAL OF THE SENSES (Pratyaharo)

  3. CONCENTRATION (Dharana)

  4. MEDITATION (Dhyanam)

  5. CONTEMPLATIVE INQUIRY (Tarka)

  6. ABSORPTION OR MEDITATIVE TRANCE (Samadhi)

this is said to be the SIX-FOLD YOGA.

 

 

ASHTANGA YOGA (EIGHT LIMBS OF YOGA)

 

 Patanjali added two more items to the above six :

 7. YAMA & NYAMA (Self-restraint and Observances)

  8. ASANAS (Yogic Postures- Hatha Yoga)

 Patanjali says, one has to practice control & culture of the senses together with the withdrawal of the senses.

 YAMA = Moral restrictions: Ahimsa (Non violence), Satya (Truth speaking), Asteya (Non stealing), Brahmacharya (abstention from sexual activity) and Aparigraha (Disowning of possessions / Austerity).

 NIYAMA = Personal discipline: Saucha (Purity), Santosha (Contentment), Tapas (Right aspiration / Self discipline), Syadhyaya (Study of philosophic texts / Self study), Ishvara pranidhana (Devotion to God).

 

 Yoga Sutra by PATANJALI says Yoga is the means by which we control the mind, our thoughts.

 A definite form of yoga practices and some of the stages of yoga meditation were given probably for the first time by GAUTAMA Buddha.

 

DEFINITION OF MEDITATION

 

 

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Meditation consists in the continuous flow of the same cognition of the object of attention undisturbed by any other cognition.

 

When yoga is defined as cittavrittinirodha (suppression of the modifications of the mind-stuff), it must be understood not only as the stoppage of the flow of presentations but also as the eradication of those potencies or latent tendencies that generate new streams of thought and new lines of action.

Meditation is a psychological exercise to discipline the mind.

 

The whole yogic prescription can be put in the formula: "Contemplate, concentrate, conquer".

 

The way to reach steadiness of mind is by concentration or fixing the thought for a time on one particular object by effacing all others. Only practice helps us to grow perfect in this art.

 

In the Upanisads (Svetasvatara Upanisad), written 3000 years ago, we find how yoga is to be practised:

 

QUOTE

THE PRACTICE OF YOGA

8. Holding the body steady with the three upper parts (chest, neck and head) erect, causing the senses and the mind to enter into the heart, the wise man should cross by the boat of Brahman all the streams, which cause fire.

(NOTE: At the time of meditation we must hold the trunk, the head and the neck in a straight line. The theory of asanas or postures is a development of this view.)

 

10. In a level clean place, free from pebbles, fire and gravel, favourable to thought by the sound of water and other features, not offensive to the eye, in a hidden retreat protected from the wind, let him perform his exercises (let him practise Yoga).

(NOTE: The importance of physical surroundings is brought out here. The place for meditation should be noiseless.

 

13. Lightness, healthiness, steadiness, clearness of complexion, pleasantness of voice, sweetness of odour, and slight excretions, these, they say, are the first results of yoga.

UNQUOTE

 

Meditation in solitude was advised as a means for cultivating calmness and detachment.

 

MEDITATION will help us to eradicate the complexes in our minds, eliminate agony that we ourselves created.

 

MEDITATION is the cultivation of the mind.

It is the reconditioning of the mind.

It is an act of attention, an effort of will.

Meditation is the self-change.

 

We should not forget that it is our mind that organizes the world about us, which builds our relationships, which creates our various feelings.

Mind control is therefore a fundamental condition.

TO CONTROL OUR MIND WHERE DESIRE, THAT SHAPES OUR LIFE, IS BORN.

 

By changing our thoughts, we change our life and indirectly we change the character of the world.

 

Upanishads said:

Control of thought is liberation.

 

Even as fire without fuel becomes extinct in its own place, even so thought, by the cessation of mental activity becomes extinct in its own source.

Practice of meditation is required to strengthen the MIND, to allay the negative thoughts and to bring peace and calmness to the mind, and thereby happiness to our lives.  

 

Bertrand Russell in his book "The Conquest of Happiness" wrote:

 

"Emotional or nervous fatigues, worries, are probably most serious in advance communities -

these are, oddly enough, most pronounced among the well to do, business- people and brainworkers. 

These can be prevented by a better philosophy of life and a little more mental discipline -

these can be diminished by realizing the unimportance of the matter, which is causing the anxiety - power of realization by Meditation.

 

Mental discipline is the habit of thinking of things at the right time. Conscious thoughts can be planted into the unconscious if sufficient amount of vigour and intensity is put into it."

 

 

Through thoughts we appeal to the intellect; 

Through silence we touch the deeper layers of being.

 

 

MIND IS REJUVENATED WHEN MIND RESTS.

 

 

BODY & MIND

 

One does of course need a healthy body where mind resides in order to practise meditation.

 

It is acknowledged that the condition of the body has some hand in determining the state of the mind, and hence instructions cover not only the discipline of the mind, but also the control of the body.

 

BODY HOUSES THE MIND. CARE OF THE BODY IS ESSENTIAL.

 

The yogin must learn to control his limbs - he must try to sit straight like the trunk of a tree, with the spine, the neck, and the head in one line, and assume certain postures that are favourable to concentration.

 

The Yoga ideal of asana (posture) is considered to be steady and easy in character.

 

HATHA YOGA – Yogic postures

 

Asanas and Pranayamas are devised to secure control of the physical frame with a view to facilitate  the control of the mind.

It was laid down that the humours of the body, the secretions and the sense organs were to be kept in proper order before yoga (meditation) could be satisfactorily practised. ...... Concentration cannot thrive when body refuses to act as a pliant tool in the hands of the yogin and sets up organic disturbances.

 

 

click the picture for 21 postures in PowerPoint

 

The chief processes of HATHA-YOGA are:

ASANA/MUDRA (FIXED POSTURES)

AND PRANAYAMA (BREATHING EXERCISES).

 

Hatha-Yoga gives us helpful principles for mental and physical stability with the help of the practice of asanas, mudras or postures, and Pranayamas or the science of breathing.

 

By its numerous postures, it cures the body of the restlessness and frees it from its impurities; it gives to the body extraordinary health, strength and suppleness. Asanas make the nerves and muscles stronger and keep the spine flexible. Mudras keep glands in health and in proper function.

 

Then comes Pranayama – the control of breath or vital power.

Normally we go on breathing, but when we voluntarily control breathing, it becomes a Pranayama. 

Prana means breath, respiration, life, vitality, energy or strength. Ayama means length, expansion, stretching or restraint.

 

"When the breath is unrestrained, so is the mind. On the contrary, when the breath is under control, the mind will be tamed as well."  Hatha Yoga Pradipika YOGA masters said “the breath is the link between the mind and the body and that if we can control our respiration we can control every aspect of our being.”

 

By practising Pranayamas blood is purified. Slumber, laziness, dullness and weakness of body are removed.  

 

Pranayama in the initial stage should be practised under the guidance of a teacher.

 

Practising with total attention within the body is advanced yoga, no matter how easy the posture is; practising with your attention scattered is the practice of a beginner, no matter how difficult the posture is.

 

Hatha yoga trains the body as well as the mind, so focus your attention without lapse.

 

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN YOGIC POSTURES AND PHYSICAL EXERCISES

In Hatha Yoga, it is not flexibility and the ability to do difficult postures, the most important thing is to have awareness - awareness of the body and the breath. And from this awareness comes control, and from control comes grace and beauty.

 

Practising with total attention within the body is advanced yoga, no matter how easy the posture is; practising with your attention scattered is the practice of a beginner, no matter how difficult the posture is.

 

Hatha yoga trains the body as well as the mind, so focus your attention without lapse.1

 

Hatha yoga stretches are a safe and effective way to bring about the lengthening of the muscle and the expansion of the connective tissue within and around the muscle.

There is a fundamental difference between Yogic postures and other types of exercises.

 

The common misconception is that Yogic postures are physical exercises.

 

Physical exercises are repetitive movements, whereas Yogic exercises involve very little movement and are only poses, which are to be maintained for a period of time.

 

What really makes yoga different is the mental focus and attention that we bring to bear on the body – the stream of attention we focus as we do the posture. The result is a toning up of both the mind and the body. In adopting and maintaining a posture there is a co-ordination between the nervous system and the muscular system, which set up a kind of tone in the body and influences the physical and mental behaviours.

 

Yogic poses when maintained for a definite period help to conserve energy and give a feeling of relaxation and exhilaration.

 

Yogic postures are not practised to shape up the body like one does in a fitness centre, or to lose a few pounds or kilos, but their main purpose is to prepare the body to practise MEDITATION in order to fortify the mind, to quell the disturbing mental storms that we often experience in our lives.

 

Without this exercise, mental muscles will become flabby.

 

 

The mind body experience is what distinguishes yoga from conventional exercises, promoting fitness from inside out.

 

Yoga is more a work-in than a workout.

 

The yogic postures concentrate on a deep stretching movement. Muscles are given a gentle, controlled stretch, without any strain. They are thus able to extend gradually and safely.

 

A flexible muscle is also a strong, well-toned muscle.

 

Yogic exercises take into account the body’s natural movements. Yogic postures result in static stretching which actually is very effective in removing cramps and preventing soreness.

 

The common purpose of all the poses is to establish a proper tone in the neuromuscular system as a whole.

 

By practising yogic postures, one can experience the effects of various poses on the body and the mind.

 

Yogic postures invigorate the body and keep the mind healthy and calm.

 

They bring about a feeling of freshness and remove physical lethargy.

 

And Meditation will strengthen the muscles of your mind and bring about relaxation.

 

YOGA is a comprehensive system to keep the body fit and the mind alert.

 

But YOGA does not prescribe a quick solution.

If you only have a few minutes to work out and want to burn calories, yoga will disappoint you.

 

YOGA AND STRESS

 

Stress is something that stimulates us and increases our level of alertness. Life without stimulus would be incredibly dull and boring. Life with too much stimulus becomes unpleasant and tiring, and may ultimately damage our health or well-being. Too much stress can seriously interfere with our ability to perform effectively.

 

Too little can lead to boredom and "Rust Out" 

but too much can produce "Burn Out".

Stress is the physical and mental response of the body to demands made upon it. Stress arises when we are unable to get rid of our negative feelings that pile up as a result of our reactions to the daily events.

 

Different things cause stress in different people. Some of the things are: deadlines, difficulty in organizing work, poor time management, out of control debts, noise, adjusting to life in a new environment, difficulties with personal relationships. Very often stress results from an accumulation of many different pressures, which build up gradually without us noticing.

 

Stress is most created when we cannot cope with the demands that we are subjected to.  

 

Job stress causes physical symptoms – headache, backache, stomach problem and sometimes anxiety.

 

EFFECTS OF STRESS

 

Stress has physical, psychological and emotional effects.


Physically through the experience of physical symptoms like pain in the back of your neck, tightening sensation between your shoulder blades, tension headaches, etc.

Psychologically & emotionally through negative behaviours, poor relationships at work or in your personal life, as well as poor lifestyle choices.

 

Today with the fast pace of life, repeated change in jobs, homes, frequent divorces and marriages, and advancement of modern technology with which we cannot keep pace, numerous tensions are created. In this unrelenting struggle for existence, we try to keep a calm exterior but conceal a disturbed mind.  

 

Peace in us is disturbed whenever there is disintegration within the self through lack of coordination between the conscious and unconscious mind; whenever there is a lack of integration between the self and the society where the two are not knit together.

Mental stress and strain is the penalty we pay for becoming modern. This has resulted in the phenomenal increase in psychosomatic disorders.

 

Stress is really more a psychological factor than a physical, quantifiable one. It has nevertheless become a part of human life and man has necessarily to live with it.

 

Stress is not only bad for the body and the mind; it also causes us to bury our true nature beneath the debris of tasks, deadlines and worries.

 

 

So how do we MANAGE STRESS?

 

Again, our lives are full of stresses and pressures, some we create ourselves, others we cannot control. Coping with the stresses of modern life is an essential skill and there are many techniques available to us, some with a long long history.

 

YOGA - consisting of Yogic postures, breathing exercises and Meditation –

is one of the oldest and simplest methods to combat stress in our fast modern life.

 

Yoga helps relieve the stress of the daily routine and teaches us how to relax and release tension.

Learning to relax is a key to a physical, emotional and mental health.

 

Yoga gives you the opportunity to experience calmness of mind.  Stretching the body and working with the breath engages the body's parasympathetic nervous system - allowing the body to normalize, gradually improving health and posture - defeating fatigue, increasing alertness and leading to improved productivity and feelings of well-being.

 

We function best when we are in a state of relaxation. Relaxation is a breathing space in the rush of daily living. This breathing space is necessary to prepare the body and the mind for greater energy and clearer vision.

 

Relaxation lowers blood pressure, respiration and pulse rates, releases muscle tension and eases emotional strains.

Our nerve cells get invigorated because during relaxation they are relieved of their routine burden of working.

 

Don’t you think that 8 to 10 hours of work a day should be followed by a period of relaxation, just like nature has ordained that there shall be sleep after a waking period?

 

We who live in the Western world have neither the leisure nor the opportunity, and frequently not even the will, to have the time for relaxation. Our busy life seldom allows us to look inward.

It is wrong to think that we cannot spare time. It is not so much the lack of time as the feeling that there is no need for such relaxation, which is the cause of the mad rush.

 

A life of “RUSH RUSH” is a life of tension, nervousness and anxiety.

The problem has to be tackled at the root. 

We must learn to relax.

 

Yoga helps relieve the stress of the daily routine.

You meditate to beat the stress.

 

MEDITATION will help you to relax.

 

But don’t meditate on your office project – it will then bring the office stress with it, which you want to get rid of.

When your mind rests, it gets exercised; it gets its nourishment. Mind is then invigorated.

You become calmer, you become patient, and you become alert.

 

Yoga will counteract physical and mental fatigue.

It will establish emotional steadiness.

 

A novel process like Yoga derived from the psychophysical wisdom may bring you relief from the constant stress in this world of fast life. The postures and the breathing exercises will help you to change the reaction to stress and thereby minimise the ill effects of stress.

 

Yoga encompasses both physical and mental stimuli.

 

Yogic exercises help to maintain good body posture.

 

It not only exercises the body, but also through the act of breathing it calms down the nervous system, it oxygenates the blood and tissues and it brings changes in the brain functions.

 

Emotional stress causes the back muscles to become tense. Gentle yoga stretches help reduce physical tension directly.

 

When muscles relax, the mind becomes more tranquil.

 

Yogic postures change the reactions of the body to the day-to-day tensions, which are so rampant today.

Medical studies have shown what Yoga has known for thousands of years:

 

Meditation is beneficial to the body and the mind. As it is accompanied by deep relaxation, it unstresses the body, causing a feeling of physiological and psychological ease, rejuvenation and heightened vitality.

 

At more advanced levels, the practitioner experiences deep peace and tranquility, which carry over into everyday life.

 

The most important thing is that we should learn the mental discipline that will teach us how to be in harmony with our own selves, our own instincts, emotions, sentiments, and ideas.

 

Yoga helps relieve the stress of the daily routine and teaches us how to relax and release tension.

 

Stretching the body and working with the breath engages the body’s parasympathetic nervous system – allowing the body to normalize, gradually improving health and posture – defeating fatigue, increasing alertness and leading to improved productivity and feelings of well-being.

Today with the fast pace of life, repeated change in jobs, homes, frequent divorces and marriages, and advancement of modern technology with which man cannot keep pace, numerous tensions are created. In this unrelenting struggle for existence, we try to keep a calm exterior but conceal a disturbed mind. Mental stress and strain is the penalty we pay for becoming modern. This has resulted in the phenomenal increase in psychosomatic disorders, that is, the disorders of the body caused by the disturbed mind.

 

You meditate to beat the stress.

MEDITATION will bring about relaxation.

 

Relaxation lowers blood pressure, respiration and pulse rates, releases muscle tension and eases emotional strains.

 

Our nerve cells get invigorated because during relaxation they are relieved of their routine burden of working.

 

Yoga will counteract physical and mental fatigue.

 

It will establish emotional steadiness.

 

A novel process like Yoga derived from the psychophysical wisdom may bring you relief from the constant stress in this world of fast life. The postures and the breathing exercises will help you to change the reaction to stress and thereby minimize the ill effects of stress.

 

Yoga not only exercises the body, but also through the act of breathing it calms down the nervous system, it oxygenates the blood and tissues and it brings changes in the brain functions.

 

Emotional stress causes the back muscles to become tense. Gentle yoga stretches help directly reduce physical tension.

 

When muscles relax, the mind becomes more tranquil.

 

Yogic postures change the reactions of the body to the day-to-day tensions, which are so rampant today.  

 

 

YOGA & HARMONY

 

One of the simplest effects of yoga is to create a sense of balance. Once we are connected with our internal centre – an inner harmony will grow.

We can create a perfect harmony between our body, our life and our mind.

 

We can live in amity and concord with our own selves.

 

Yoga is the complete control of the different elements of our nature, psychical and physical and harnessing them to the highest end.

 

I am confident that Yoga will bring to your life happiness, physical poise, mental peace, intellectual clarity, self confidence, positive self image, better interaction with others, and emotional equanimity, if you really go for it.

 

 

It is an investment that you will make in your life for your own well-being.

 

COMMENTS

 

Some think that Yoga is medicinal in value – yes and no. It tones up the circulatory, respiratory, digestive and nervous systems and improves the physical and mental well-being.